The origins and varieties of chamomile
A member of the Asteraceae family, chamomile comes in several distinct varieties, each possessing unique characteristics. Among the many existing species, two types stand out in particular for their remarkable therapeutic properties: Roman chamomile and German chamomile.
Roman chamomile:
Roman chamomile, also known as noble chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile), is characterised by its modest size, reaching 10 to 30 cm in height. Native to Western Europe and North Africa, this perennial plant thrives particularly along the French Atlantic coast. Its feathery foliage and distinctive green apple scent distinguish it from its cousins.
This variety stands out especially for the composition of its essential oil, which is 80% rich in esters, mainly angelates. These compounds give it particularly effective properties:
- Isobutyl angelate: anti-stress and antispasmodic action
- Isoamyl angelate: anxiolytic effects
- Methallyl angelate: calming properties
German chamomile:
German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) takes its Latin name "matrix" from its benefits for women's health. This variety, taller than its Roman counterpart, can reach up to 50 cm in height. It grows naturally in lime-poor soils, particularly in Mediterranean regions. It is distinguished by its unique composition of active ingredients. Its essential oil contains chamazulene, alpha-bisabolol, and alpha-bisabolol oxide. These compounds provide particularly potent anti-inflammatory properties, especially effective against:
- Skin allergies
- Skin conditions
- Itching
In France, the cultivation of these two varieties plays an important role, particularly in Anjou, where nearly 300 hectares are dedicated to the production of Roman chamomile. This region also accounts for more than 90% of French production, demonstrating the economic importance of this medicinal plant.
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The active compounds of chamomile
Scientific research has identified more than a hundred active compounds in chamomile, each contributing to its remarkable therapeutic properties. Let us take a closer look at these essential components that make this plant such a popular natural remedy.
Flavonoids and their effects
Flavonoids are a major group of bioactive compounds found in chamomile. Among them, apigenin, luteolin, and quercetin particularly stand out. These natural molecules possess powerful anti-inflammatory properties, notably by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, two enzymes involved in inflammatory processes.
Beneficial essential oils
Roman chamomile essential oil contains over 140 identified components. Its unique composition includes:
- Mono- and bifunctional esters (over 85% of its composition)
- Monoterpenes (α- and β-pinene, β-myrcene, limonene)
- Trace amounts of azulenes
Natural antioxidants
Chamomile contains a high concentration of natural antioxidants (just like green tea) that protect the body against oxidative damage. These compounds play a crucial role in preventing oxidative stress, especially through their ability to neutralise free radicals. Studies have shown that Roman chamomile essential oil exhibits significant antioxidant activity, particularly observed in β-carotene bleaching tests.
Furthermore, the presence of sesquiterpenes, coumarins, and bioactive phenolic compounds enhances the plant's therapeutic potential. Umbelliferone, a specific coumarine, contributes to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of German chamomile while offering a beneficial effect on the vascular system.
The main benefits of chamomile
Recent scientific studies confirm the many therapeutic benefits of chamomile, particularly thanks to its active compounds with remarkable properties.
1 - Effects on the nervous system
The World Health Organisation officially recognises the use of chamomile infusions to treat agitation and mild cases of insomnia related to nervous disorders. Treating nervous disorders means reducing stress and nervousness, thereby making it easier to fall asleep and improving sleep quality. A study conducted on postpartum women showed that those who drank chamomile herbal tea for two weeks slept better and displayed fewer symptoms of depression. Furthermore, participants taking 270 mg of chamomile extract twice daily woke up less frequently during the night and fell asleep 15 minutes faster.
2 - Action on digestion
Chamomile particularly excels in treating digestive issues. Its antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory properties effectively relieve:
- Abdominal pain and intestinal cramps
- Bloating and wind
- Nausea and indigestion
Its anxiolytic effect particularly soothes stomach cramps and digestive spasms triggered by emotional stress. Additionally, its antifungal properties help balance the gut microbiota.
3 - Anti-inflammatory properties
Preliminary research reveals that chamomile inhibits cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, two enzyme systems involved in inflammatory processes. This action reduces the production of prostaglandins, which are pro-inflammatory hormones. Furthermore, the flavonoids found in chamomile significantly improve total cholesterol levels in diabetics, as well as triglyceride and LDL cholesterol levels.
Studies also suggest that the anti-inflammatory qualities of chamomile may prevent the damage of pancreatic cells that occurs during chronic hyperglycaemia. In addition, the flavones it contains have the potential to reduce blood pressure and cholesterol levels, two key factors in the development of heart disease.
4 - Eases menstrual pain
In some people, chamomile helps reduce menstrual pain thanks to its muscle-relaxing action and antispasmodic properties. It can thus help ease cramps associated with the menstrual cycle.
How to use chamomile
To make the most of chamomile's benefits, careful preparation and proper dosage are essential. Discover proven methods to maximise its therapeutic properties.
Preparing an infusion
Making a successful chamomile infusion comes down to a few key steps. Start by measuring one to two tablespoons of dried flowers or one tea bag for 225 ml of water. Bring the water to the boil, then pour it over the flowers. Cover your cup immediately with a saucer to preserve the precious aromatic compounds. Leave to infuse for 5 to 7 minutes for optimal extraction of the active ingredients. Then, strain carefully using a fine sieve or remove the tea bag. To enhance the flavour, you can add honey or a dash of lemon.
Recommended dosage
The optimal daily intake is between 2 and 4 cups a day. However, some experts recommend starting with a single daily cup before gradually increasing consumption. This approach allows you to evaluate your individual tolerance and adjust the amount to your personal needs.
Are there any contraindications?
Chamomile is generally well tolerated, but it is not suitable for everyone. If you are allergic to plants from the Asteraceae family—daisy, arnica, chrysanthemum, ragweed—it is best to avoid it, as it may trigger an allergic reaction.
Another point to keep in mind: if you are taking anticoagulant medication, consult your doctor before consuming it regularly, as chamomile could increase the risk of bleeding. The same caution applies to pregnant or breastfeeding women: medical advice is recommended before taking concentrated preparations or chamomile-based supplements.
Finally, in more sensitive individuals, excessive consumption can cause drowsiness, nausea, or mild digestive issues.
When should you drink chamomile tea?
Chamomile is ideally suited to different moments of the day, each offering specific benefits:
- In the evening: A cup about an hour before bed promotes relaxation and prepares you for sleep. This allows the active compounds to take full effect on the nervous system.
Rooibos is also a wonderful drink to help you unwind before going to bed - After meals: Consuming it 30 to 60 minutes after eating optimises its digestive benefits. This time frame helps effectively relieve gastric discomfort.
- In times of stress: A relaxing break with a chamomile infusion helps you regain calm and serenity. The plant's soothing properties act as a natural emotional support.